he Network-Interdicted Vehicle Routing Problem (NIVRP) extends classical VRP settings by incorporating network interdiction, where selected arcs or nodes may be disrupted or rendered inaccessible. Consequently, routing decisions must account for potential interdictions. This setting induces a strategic conflict between Logistics Service Providers (LSPs) and an adversarial interdictor seeking to disrupt routes by targeting specific arcs. Typically, the interdictor lacks complete prior information regarding depot locations and customer demands, and acquiring such information is costly. Through repeated interactions, however, the interdictor can observe selected routes and seized cargo on interdicted arcs, gradually refining demand estimates and reducing uncertainty. Over time, this process enables increasingly accurate predictions of illicit cargo flows. The interaction is modeled as a repeated game, in which the interdictor engages in an online learning process to adapt to dynamically changing checkpoint configurations. This study analyzes this conflict within a repeated game framework using an online learning approach. A bi-level metaheuristic algorithm, leveraging semi-bandit feedback, is proposed. Computational experiments on randomly generated instances demonstrate that the proposed learning-based method significantly outperforms benchmark approaches and exhibits satisfactory convergence behavior.
Messi Bidgoli,M and Mohammadi Jozani,S . (2026). A learning-based co-evolutionary approach with semi-bandit feedback for the vehicle routing problem. (e107793). Advances in Industrial Engineering, (), e107793 doi: 10.22059/aie.2026.412532.1977
MLA
Messi Bidgoli,M , and Mohammadi Jozani,S . "A learning-based co-evolutionary approach with semi-bandit feedback for the vehicle routing problem" .e107793 , Advances in Industrial Engineering, , , 2026, e107793. doi: 10.22059/aie.2026.412532.1977
HARVARD
Messi Bidgoli M, Mohammadi Jozani S. (2026). 'A learning-based co-evolutionary approach with semi-bandit feedback for the vehicle routing problem', Advances in Industrial Engineering, (), e107793. doi: 10.22059/aie.2026.412532.1977
CHICAGO
M Messi Bidgoli and S Mohammadi Jozani, "A learning-based co-evolutionary approach with semi-bandit feedback for the vehicle routing problem," Advances in Industrial Engineering, (2026): e107793, doi: 10.22059/aie.2026.412532.1977
VANCOUVER
Messi Bidgoli M, Mohammadi Jozani S. A learning-based co-evolutionary approach with semi-bandit feedback for the vehicle routing problem. Adv. Ind. Eng.. 2026;():e107793. doi: 10.22059/aie.2026.412532.1977